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\begin{document}
\title{Do ICTs matter for Italy?}
\vspace{3.5cm}
\date{June 21, 2018}
\author{Daniela Cialfi\textsuperscript{1} \hspace{0.5pt} Emiliano Colantonio \textsuperscript{1} }
\vspace{3.5cm}
%\subject{Name of the Conference}
\institute{\textsuperscript{1} \hspace{0.2pt}Department of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Economic-Quantitative Sciences
\\ University of Studies G.D'Annunzio
\\ Pescara,Italy}
\titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.0cm]{logo_conference.png}}
\setbeamercovered{transparent}
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\begin{frame}[plain]
\maketitle
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered]
\tableofcontents[hideallsubsections]
\end{frame}
\section{The potential relationship between ICT and social capital}
\setbeamertemplate{frametitle}[default][center]
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\frametitle[alignment=center]{Literature review }
\color{orange} \textbf{Social capital}
\justifying
\vspace{0.1cm}
\\ \color{black} \textit{the nature and quality of social ties that individuals or communities can mobilise in conducting their affairs}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item \justifying a wide variety of connections and networks that people maintain with family, friends, neighbours, colleagues
\item \justifying the strength of social norms that can underpin these ties
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\frametitle[alignment=center]{Literature review }
\color{orange} \textbf{Social capital}
\justifying
\vspace{0.1cm}
\\ \color{black} \textit{the nature and quality of social ties that individuals or communities can mobilise in conducting their affairs}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item \justifying a wide variety of connections and networks that people maintain with family, friends, neighbours, colleagues
\item \justifying the strength of social norms that can underpin these ties
\end{itemize}
\vspace{0.3cm}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{\textwidth}
\centering
\textbf{\textit{In which way do ICTs interact with social capital?}}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
Recent empirical evidence \footnote{Benkler (2006). } have found that:
\begin{itemize}
\item ICTs could enable individuals to thicken existing ties and generate new ones;
\item ICT come in handling to develop more new ties to like-minded people for a variety of purposes\footnote{Rainie, L., Horrigan, John B., Wellman, B., and Boase, J.(2006)}.
\end{itemize}
\vspace{0.3cm}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{\textwidth}
\centering
\textbf{\textit{Existence of a positive relationship the two concepts}}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
ICTs are helping to expand, transform and diversify social capital
\begin{enumerate}
\item Tools for communication and collaborative information sharing
\item Creating meeting spaces where like-minded people can gather and socialise
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{Empirical evidence from Italy}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\color{orange} \textbf{Aim}
\\ \color{black}Present consistent evidence on the geography of the relationship between ICT and social capital in Italy
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Methodology}
\\ \color{black} Non linear cluster analysis
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Period of analysis}
\\ \color{black} 2006-2013
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Context}
\\ \color{black} Italian regions
\end{frame}
\subsection{Selection and creation of the database}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database}
%\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
%\subfloat[Decay Channels]{
%\rule{4cm}{3cm}
%\newcommand{\minitab}[2][l]{\begin{tabular}{#1}#2\end{tabular}}
%\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline
Function & Indicator \\ \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{Jet} &${\bf p}_T >$ 25 GeV \\
&$|\eta| < $ 2.5 \\
&$\Delta R(j,l) >$ 0.2 \\
&$\Delta \phi(j,{\bf p}_T^{miss}) >$ 0.6 \\ \hline
3 Leading jets & ${\bf p}_T >$ 40 GeV \\ \hline
b-tagging & $\ge$ 2 \\ \hline
\multirow{3}{*}{Lepton} & ${\bf p}_T >$ 20 GeV \\
& $|\eta| <$ 2.5 \\
& $\Delta R(l,j) >$ 0.4 \\ \hline
{${\bf p}_T^{miss}$} & $\Delta \phi({\bf p}_T^{miss},j) >$ 0.8 \\ \hline
& {\bf Advanced cuts} \\ \hline
$E_T^{miss}$ & $>$ 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 (GeV)\\ \hline
$H_T$ & $>$ 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 (GeV)\\ \hline
$m_T$ & $>$ 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 (GeV)\\ \hline
$N_j$ & $\ge$ 4, 5, 6 \\ \hline
$N_{bj}$ & $\ge$ 2, 3, 4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
% \caption{Summary of event selection cuts}
% \end{table}
%\begin{columns}
% \begin{column}{.9 \textwidth}
% \centering
% \small \textbf{Tab.1}:List of performance indicators
% \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{database_table_trasparence.png}\\
% {{ \footnotesize \emph{Source: Authors’ representation of the database used}\par }}
% \end{column}
%\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.9 \textwidth}
\centering
\small \textbf{Tab.1}:List of performance indicators
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{database_table_trasparence.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Period of analysis}
\\ \color{black} 2006-2013
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Data source}
\\ \color{black} Rapporto Noi Italia 2016 \footnote{\hspace{0.1cm}Developed by ISTAT}, empirical studies
\footnote{\hspace{0.1cm} See Andriani, L., Karyampas (2009); Degli Antoni, G.(2006); Putnam, R.D (2000) }
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Methodology}
\\ \color{black} Non linear cluster analysis - Self Organizing Map
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.9 \textwidth}
\centering
\small \textbf{Tab.1}:List of performance indicators
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{database_table_trasparence.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\color{orange} \textbf{Period of analysis}: \color{black} 2006-2013
\begin{itemize}
\item Data availability by Italian regions
\item Evaluate the evolution of the dataset from a pre-crisis to a post-crisis scenario.
\end{itemize}
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Data source}
\\ \color{black} Rapporto Noi Italia 2016, empirical studies
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8 \textwidth}
\centering
\small \textbf{Tab.1}:List of performance indicators
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{database_table_trasparence.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\color{orange} \textbf{Period of analysis} \\
\color{black} 2006-2013
\space
\color{orange} \textbf{Data source}: \color{black} Rapporto Noi Italia 2016, empirical studies
\begin{itemize}
\item Distinguish among the different conceptualisations of social capital
\item Division into three macro-categories linked to the Italian experience
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Social capital variables}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database\\
\textit{-Social Capital-}}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{social_capital.jpg}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vspace{0.5cm}
Variables related to the associative world
\begin{itemize}
\item Associational activities are an essential framework where social capital could occur and grow [Putnam,2000]
\begin{enumerate}
\item Information and trust are 'intangible' resources
\item Help to achieve economic and social outcomes and intangible ones
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{ICT variables}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database\\
\textit{-ICT use-}}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{ICT_database.jpg}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vspace{0.5cm}
The development of social capital within communities may depend on several elements
\footnote{\hspace{0.1cm} See Ahmed, Z., Alzahrani (2017); Gaved, M., Anderson, B.(2006)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Availability of broadband
\item Effective use of broadband connectivity
\end{itemize}
Determination of the quality and frequency of interactions
\begin{itemize}
\item Previous elements
\item Issues linked to online trust and confidence
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Economic variables}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Selection and creation of the database\\
\textit{-Economy-}}
\textit{DA RIVEDERE BENE}
%\begin{columns}
% \begin{column}{\textwidth}
%\centering
% \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{social_capital_trasparence.png}
% \end{column}
% \end{columns}
We have used this kind of variables
\begin{itemize}
\item how networks and social interactions are translated into an economic asset
\item Social capital is trasformed from a private good into public one
\item Collective and cumulative economic benefits
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Patterns and dynamics of Italian regions from 2006 to 2013}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Patterns and dynamics of Italian regions %\messe "giuste"
\\from 2006 to 2013}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
%\begin{tcolorbox}[beamer,width=0.8\textheight,arc=0pt,boxsep=0pt, left=0pt,right=0pt,top=0pt,bottom=0pt]
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{2006.png}
%\end{tcolorbox}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{2013.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.4\textwidth} %\ 2006_um_trasparente
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{2006_um_bw_trasparenza.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.2\textwidth} %\ arrow
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{arrow.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.4\textwidth} %\ 2013_um_trasparente
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{2013_um_bw_trasparenza.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
Mass of Italian regions that in 2006 were located in the centre moves
\centering down to the bottom of the SOM
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain] %\ 2013_um_bw
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{2013_bw_trasparenza.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
\centering
\begin{itemize}
\item Isolation of the Southern Italian
\\regions
\begin{enumerate}
\item The South and the Northern
\\ regions remain at the upper
\\ and bottom parts of the map
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain] %\ 2013_um_c
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{2013_um_color.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
\centering
\begin{itemize}
\item Isolation of the Southern Italian
\\ regions
\begin{enumerate}
\item The South and the Northern
\\ regions remain at the upper and bottom parts of the map
\item Creation of a gap between
\\ the South and the Northern
\\ regions
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain] %\ 2013_um_bw
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{2013_um_shadow.jpg}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
\centering
\begin{itemize}
\item Isolation of the Southern Italian
\\regions
\begin{enumerate}
\item The South and the Northern
\\ regions remain at the upper and
\\ bottom parts of the map
\item Creation of a gap between the
\\ South and the Northern regions
\item The central regions are closer to
\\ Northern regions
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{2006 ...} %\parte dello studio della fm ICT-SC 2006 and 2013 (pp.6-7)
\centering \includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{2006_fm_final_scale_1.png}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{2006 ...} %\parte dello studio della fm ICT-SC 2006 and 2013 (pp.6-7)
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
\centering \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{2006_fm_final_scale_1.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Northern Italian regions excel
\\ in all considered variables
\begin{enumerate}
\item Social participation activities
\item Total RD Expenditure
\\and ST Graduates
\end{enumerate}
\item Southern Italian regions show
\\low values in all considered variables
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{... 2013} %\parte dello studio della fm ICT-SC 2006 and 2013 (pp.6-7)
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{2013_fm_final_scale.png}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Central and Northern Italian regions present high values in all the variables
\begin{enumerate}
\item ST Graduates
\item Accessed the Internet
\item Ordered/bought over the Internet
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}
\item Southern Italian regions show
\\low values in all considered variables
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{Preliminary conclusions}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.8 \textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{prova_2_scale.png}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vspace{0.3cm}
ICT might not promote social capital formation
\begin{itemize}
\item Associational activities variables have shown a negative relationship with ICT
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\begin{itemize}
\item All the opportunities for building and expanding social capital are currently benefiting (bold) only highly educated and professionally advanced people use ICT
\begin{enumerate}
\item To improve their skills
\item To grow their networks for career advancement
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\section{Conclusions}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{\textwidth}
\centering \textbf{\emph{Could exist a positive relationship
\\between ICT and social capital in Italy?}}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vspace{0.7cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item Existence of a negative relationship between the two concepts
\begin{enumerate}
\item Not all social capital variables are positive
\item The transformative impact of ICTs could be against a particular type of social capital
\end{enumerate}
\item Through the access and use of ICT communities could have more significant opportunities
\begin{enumerate}
\item For engaging with others
\item For broadening their understandings
\begin{itemize}
\item building bonding
\item bridging and linking social capital
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]{\textbf{\emph{.. and between social capital and economy? }}}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{.6 \textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{prova_2_scale.png} %sostituire con la figura giusta
\end{column}
\begin{column}{.6 \textwidth}
Reflection of the existing dualism
\\between the North and the South
\begin{itemize}
\item The poor economic performance
\\ is likely related to limitation
\\ of trust
\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}
\item Significant difference between
\\the level of engagement in
\\ Northern and Southern of
\\Italy
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Future research lines}
\begin{frame}[noframenumbering, plain]
\begin{itemize}
\item Selection of other ICT-related variables more suitable with social capital
\begin{enumerate}
\item Number of tweets written in italian
\item Facebook account opened in Italy
\end{enumerate}
\item Improve the time-series analysis for a long-term perspective
\begin{enumerate}
\item Use of larger time series
\item Introduction of the average values across the Italian regions
\end{enumerate}
\item Set-up a cause-effect analysis between ICT and social capital variables
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
