you can follow the "hacking down" procedure from the minimal working example explanation (making a copy of your code and reduce it, so it can be posted here without unrelated content) and post the result here. I'm sure that when you post the code that prints 'float', we will find the cause.
Indeed, the calc library is explained, as this is really important and useful with coordinates and node positioning and so a lot of fundamental things. The math library introduces a very different syntax and is not really necessary for coordinate calculation ...
That looks like an error in a figure caption. Please post the file output.lof here, perhaps as attachment. That is the list of figures file and it probably shows the figure caption with the issue.
I wrote that list in 2008, so some links changed, some moved. I corrected the links. If you could not open some tutorials, you can try again. I added LearnLaTeX.org, it's pretty modern and I can recommend it.
Since LaTeX exists since so many years, the beginner's steps are ...
Ah, very good, with scrartcl you don't need titlesec. You can simply set
\addtokomafont{section}{\scshape}
As you noticed that it did not work immediately: some font families don't have a combination of bold sans-serif small-caps shape, like the default font and Latin modern. Some have, you ...
improve my knowledge / skills on this (Koma and full TeX Live installation)
Twenty years ago, also I was worried to learn a new class. However, I quickly noticed that it can be used like a standard class (scrartcl like article, scrbook like book, etc.) and they just provide more ...